GuideSteel & CCM
Encoder PPR, X1, X2 and X4 Decoding Explained
Convert encoder pulses into usable PLC counts and understand how decoding mode changes resolution, input frequency and diagnostics.
7 minCalculator linked
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Engineering Guides
Practical calculations, control concepts and troubleshooting notes prepared for technical review. Browse by discipline or search the current review collection.
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GuideSteel & CCM
CCM Billet Length Measurement with an Encoder
Build the scaling chain from measuring roll and encoder to PLC target counts, calibration and cut-length verification.
8 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideSteel & CCM
Improving CCM Billet Length Repeatability
Separate scale, slip, capture and cutting-response errors to diagnose inconsistent billet length at a continuous caster.
7 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideSteel & CCM
Negative Strip Time in Continuous Casting
Understand the sinusoidal mould-motion calculation, its unit conventions and why the result is only one input to metallurgical review.
8 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideElectrical
How to Calculate Three-Phase Motor Current
Estimate motor full-load current from shaft or electrical power while keeping efficiency, power factor and nameplate verification explicit.
7 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideDrives
How to Select a VFD Dynamic Braking Resistor
Screen braking energy, resistance, pulse power and duty while keeping the VFD manufacturer's Rmin and chopper limits authoritative.
9 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuidePower Quality
Power-Factor Correction kVAR Calculation
Calculate the capacitor kVAR needed to move from an existing power factor to a target and understand the harmonic and switching checks that follow.
8 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideAutomation
4–20 mA Scaling in a PLC
Convert raw analogue input counts into engineering units with live-zero diagnostics, clamping and commissioning checks.
7 min
Read guideGuideAutomation
PLC Migration Checklist for Brownfield Systems
Plan discovery, I/O proof, code conversion, FAT, cutover and rollback for a controlled PLC modernization.
10 min
Read guideGuideWater
Pump Power Calculation from Flow and Head
Estimate hydraulic, shaft and electrical input power while preserving pump-curve, NPSH and system-curve limitations.
7 minCalculator linked
Read guideGuideEnergy
Industrial Energy Monitoring Architecture
Plan meters, communications, data quality, historian structure and actionable KPIs for an industrial energy-monitoring system.
9 min
Read guideGuideHydrogen
Hydrogen Electrolyser Sizing: Power, Production and Boundaries
Use project-specific energy consumption to screen hydrogen output while keeping balance-of-plant, safety and OEM performance outside the simple conversion.
9 minCalculator linked
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